One of the first steps in determining your treatment plan is establishing the stage of your cancer. Because basal cell carcinoma (BCC) has a low risk of spread but does tend to recur, it has a unique staging system It is based primarily on risk features and whether the BCC is difficult to treat.
Low-risk, Local BCC
Smaller BCC with no high-risk features. The majority of BCCs fall into this category
High-risk, Local BCC
Localized tumours that have one or more high-risk features
Advanced BCC
BCC that is localised and difficult to treat or that has spread (metastasized). Approximately 1%-10% of BCCs are considered advanced. Locally Advanced BCCs are often:
- Large in size
- Invasive
- Located in difficult-to-treat locations
- Recurrent and multifocal (exhibiting horizontal spreading) in nature
BCCs are likely to be difficult to treat in certain populations as well, such as:
- People with genetic syndromes
- The frail elderly
- Patients with a lot of other health problems
- Patients with low functional status (aren’t able to care for themselves)
Advanced disease can also be used to describe BCCs that metastasize (spread). This is only a small proportion—an estimated less than 0.55% (or one in 200) BCCs metastasize.
The staging for BCC is less formal than that for other cancer types. In oncology, the most widely used (and recognized) staging system is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) system. You may have heard about cancers being staged Stage I, II, III, or IV based on this system, which considers the following factors:
- Size of the tumour (T) and if it has grown deeper into nearby structures or tissues, such as a bone
- Presence/degree of spread (metastasis) to nearby lymph nodes (N)
- Presence of spread (metastasized) to distant parts of the body (M)
Because BCC rarely spreads to other sites, the above classification is not that helpful. BCC is classified into 3 groups based on prognosis (the likely outcome or course of a disease; the chance of recovery or recurrence). Two of these categories are low-risk and high-risk. In this case, the risk is based on the likelihood of the BCC coming back in the same spot (recurring) or continuing to grow and cause additional tissue damage. The third classification is advanced BCC, which is BCC that is difficult to treat or that has spread.
Computed tomography (CT) is a procedure that uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are taken from different angles and are used to create three-dimensional (3-D) views of tissues and organs. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the tissues and organs show up more clearly. A CT scan may be used to help diagnose disease, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography scan, computerized axial tomography scan, and computerised tomography.
PET-CT is a procedure that combines the pictures from a positron emission tomography (PET) scan and a computed tomography (CT) scan. The PET and CT scans are done at the same time with the same machine. The combined scans give more detailed pictures of areas inside the body than either scan gives by itself. A PET-CT scan may be used to help diagnose disease such as cancer, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working. Also called positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan.
Discussing Your Pathology Report
Here are some questions you can ask your healthcare provider about your pathology report.
- Which subtype of BCC do I have?
- Can I please have a copy of the pathology report?
- What is the next step?